# Package com.codename1.io

package com.codename1.io

Networking, Storage, Filesystem & related API's

The IO package includes all of the main features related to storage and networking with the exception of `SQL` & XML parsing.

#### Storage

`com.codename1.io.Storage` is accessed via the `Storage` class. It is a flat filesystem like interface and contains the ability to list/delete and write to named storage entries.

The `com.codename1.io.Storage` API also provides convenient methods to write objects to `com.codename1.io.Storage` and read them from `com.codename1.io.Storage` specifically `readObject` & `writeObject`.

Notice that objects in `com.codename1.io.Storage` are deleted when an app is uninstalled but are retained between application updates.

The sample code below demonstrates listing the content of the storage, adding/viewing and deleting entries within the storage:

    public void pictureUpload(final Callback resultURL) {
        String picture = Capture.capturePhoto(1024, -1);
        if(picture!=null){
            String filestack = "https://www.filestackapi.com/api/store/S3?key=MY_KEY&filename=myPicture.jpg";
            MultipartRequest request = new MultipartRequest() {
               protected void readResponse(InputStream input) throws IOException  {
                  JSONParser jp = new JSONParser();
                  Map result = jp.parseJSON(new InputStreamReader(input, "UTF-8"));
                  String url = (String)result.get("url");
                  if(url == null) {
                     resultURL.onError(null, null, 1, result.toString());
                     return;
                  }
                  resultURL.onSucess(url);
               }
            };
            request.setUrl(filestack);
            try {
                request.addData("fileUpload", picture, "image/jpeg");
                request.setFilename("fileUpload", "myPicture.jpg");
                NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);
            } catch(IOException err) {
                err.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

#### The Preferences API

`com.codename1.io.Storage` also offers a very simple API in the form of the `com.codename1.io.Preferences` class. The `com.codename1.io.Preferences` class allows developers to store simple variables, strings, numbers, booleans etc. in storage without writing any storage code. This is a common use case within applications e.g. you have a server token that you need to store you can store & read it like this:

    // save a token to storage
    String myToken = "abc123";
    Preferences.set("token", myToken);

    // get the token from storage or null if it isn't there
    String token = Preferences.get("token", null);

This gets somewhat confusing with primitive numbers e.g. if you use `Preferences.set("primitiveLongValue", myLongNumber)` then invoke `Preferences.get("primitiveLongValue", 0)` you might get an exception!

This would happen because the value is physically a `Long` object but you are trying to get an `Integer`. The workaround is to remain consistent and use code like this `Preferences.get("primitiveLongValue", (long)0)`.

#### File System

`com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` provides file system access. It maps to the underlying OS's file system API providing most of the common operations expected from a file API somewhat in the vain of `java.io.File` & `java.io.FileInputStream` e.g. opening, renaming, deleting etc.

Notice that the file system API is somewhat platform specific in its behavior. All paths used the API should be absolute otherwise they are not guaranteed to work.

The main reason `java.io.File` & `java.io.FileInputStream` weren't supported directly has a lot to do with the richness of those two API's. They effectively allow saving a file anywhere, however mobile devices are far more restrictive and don't allow apps to see/modify files that are owned by other apps.

#### File Paths & App Home

All paths in `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` are absolute, this simplifies the issue of portability significantly since the concept of relativity and current working directory aren't very portable.

All URL's use the `/` as their path separator we try to enforce this behavior even in Windows.

Directories end with the `/` character and thus can be easily distinguished by their name.

The `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` API provides a `getRoots()` call to list the root directories of the file system (you can then "dig in" via the `listFiles` API). However, this is confusing and unintuitive for developers.

To simplify the process of creating/reading files we added the `getAppHomePath()` method. This method allows us to obtain the path to a directory where files can be stored/read.

We can use this directory to place an image to share as we did in the share sample.

Warning: A common Android hack is to write files to the SDCard storage to share them among apps. Android 4.x disabled the ability to write to arbitrary directories on the SDCard even when the appropriate permission was requested.

A more advanced usage of the `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` API can be a `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` `Tree`:

    Form hi = new Form("FileSystemTree", new BorderLayout());
    TreeModel tm = new TreeModel() {
        @Override
        public Vector getChildren(Object parent) {
            String[] files;
            if(parent == null) {
                files = FileSystemStorage.getInstance().getRoots();
                return new Vector<Object>(Arrays.asList(files));
            } else {
                try {
                    files = FileSystemStorage.getInstance().listFiles((String)parent);
                } catch(IOException err) {
                    Log.e(err);
                    files = new String[0];
                }
            }
            String p = (String)parent;
            Vector result = new Vector();
            for(String s : files) {
                result.add(p + s);
            }
            return result;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isLeaf(Object node) {
            return !FileSystemStorage.getInstance().isDirectory((String)node);
        }
    };
    Tree t = new Tree(tm) {
        @Override
        protected String childToDisplayLabel(Object child) {
            String n = (String)child;
            int pos = n.lastIndexOf("/");
            if(pos < 0) {
                return n;
            }
            return n.substring(pos);
        }
    };
    hi.add(BorderLayout.CENTER, t);
    hi.show();

#### Storage vs. File System

The question of storage vs. file system is often confusing for novice mobile developers. This embeds two separate questions:

Why are there 2 API's where one would have worked?

Which one should I pick?

The main reasons for the 2 API's are technical. Many OS's provide 2 ways of accessing data specific to the app and this is reflected within the API. E.g. on Android the `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` maps to API's such as `java.io.FileInputStream` whereas the `com.codename1.io.Storage` maps to `Context.openFileInput()`.

The secondary reason for the two API's is conceptual. `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` is more powerful and in a sense provides more ways to fail, this is compounded by the complex on-device behavior of the API. `com.codename1.io.Storage` is designed to be friendlier to the uninitiated and more portable.

You should pick `com.codename1.io.Storage` unless you have a specific requirement that prevents it. Some API's such as `Capture` expect a `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` URI so in those cases this would also be a requirement.

Another case where `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` is beneficial is the case of hierarchy or native API usage. If you need a a directory structure or need to communicate with a native API the `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` approach is usually easier.

**Warning: **In some OS's the `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` API can find the content of the `com.codename1.io.Storage` API. As one is implemented on top of the other. This is undocumented behavior that can change at any moment!

Network Manager & Connection Request

One of the more common problems in Network programming is spawning a new thread to handle the network operations. In Codename One this is done seamlessly and becomes unessential thanks to the `com.codename1.io.NetworkManager`.

`com.codename1.io.NetworkManager` effectively alleviates the need for managing network threads by managing the complexity of network threading. The connection request class can be used to facilitate web service requests when coupled with the JSON/XML parsing capabilities.

To open a connection one needs to use a `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` object, which has some similarities to the networking mechanism in JavaScript but is obviously somewhat more elaborate.

You can send a get request to a URL using something like:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false);
    request.addResponseListener((e) -> {
    // process the response
    });

    // request will be handled asynchronously
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);

Notice that you can also implement the same thing and much more by avoiding the response listener code and instead overriding the methods of the `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` class which offers multiple points to override e.g.

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false) {
    protected void readResponse(InputStream input) {
    // just read from the response input stream
    }

    protected void postResponse() {
    // invoked on the EDT after processing is complete to allow the networking code
    // to update the UI
    }

    protected void buildRequestBody(OutputStream os) {
    // writes post data, by default this "just works" but if you want to write this
    // manually then override this
    }
    };
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);

Notice that overriding `buildRequestBody(OutputStream)` will only work for `POST` requests and will replace writing the arguments.

Important: You don't need to close the output/input streams passed to the request methods. They are implicitly cleaned up.

`com.codename1.io.NetworkManager` also supports synchronous requests which work in a similar way to `Dialog` via the `invokeAndBlock` call and thus don't block the EDT illegally. E.g. you can do something like this:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false);
    // request will be handled synchronously
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueueAndWait(request);
    byte[] resultOfRequest = request.getData();

Notice that in this case the `addToQueueAndWait` method returned after the connection completed. Also notice that this was totally legal to do on the EDT!

#### Threading

By default the `com.codename1.io.NetworkManager` launches with a single network thread. This is sufficient for very simple applications that don't do too much networking but if you need to fetch many images concurrently and perform web services in parallel this might be an issue.

Warning: Once you increase the thread count there is no guarantee of order for your requests. Requests might not execute in the order with which you added them to the queue!

To update the number of threads use:

    NetworkManager.getInstance().updateThreadCount(4);

All the callbacks in the `ConnectionRequest` occur on the network thread and not on the EDT!

There is one exception to this rule which is the `postResponse()` method designed to update the UI after the networking code completes.

Important: Never change the UI from a `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` callback. You can either use a listener on the `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest`, use `postResponse()` (which is the only exception to this rule) or wrap your UI code with `com.codename1.ui.Display#callSerially(java.lang.Runnable)`.

#### Arguments, Headers & Methods

HTTP/S is a complex protocol that expects complex encoded data for its requests. Codename One tries to simplify and abstract most of these complexities behind common sense API's while still providing the full low level access you would expect from such an API.

##### Arguments

HTTP supports several "request methods", most commonly `GET` & `POST` but also a few others such as `HEAD`, `PUT`, `DELETE` etc.

Arguments in HTTP are passed differently between `GET` and `POST` methods. That is what the `setPost` method in Codename One determines, whether arguments added to the request should be placed using the `GET` semantics or the `POST` semantics.

So if we continue our example from above we can do something like this:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false);
    request.addArgument("MyArgName", value);

This will implicitly add a get argument with the content of `value`. Notice that we don't really care what value is. It's implicitly HTTP encoded based on the get/post semantics. In this case it will use the get encoding since we passed `false` to the constructor.

A simpler implementation could do something like this:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url +
    "MyArgName=" + Util.encodeUrl(value), false);

This would be almost identical but doesn't provide the convenience for switching back and forth between `GET`/`POST` and it isn't as fluent.

We can skip the encoding in complex cases where server code expects illegal HTTP characters (this happens) using the `addArgumentNoEncoding` method. We can also add multiple arguments with the same key using `addArgumentArray`.

#### Methods

As we explained above, the `setPost()` method allows us to manipulate the get/post semantics of a request. This implicitly changes the `POST` or `GET` method submitted to the server.

However, if you wish to have finer grained control over the submission process e.g. for making a `HEAD` request you can do this with code like:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false);
    request.setHttpMethod("HEAD");

#### Headers

When communicating with HTTP servers we often pass data within headers mostly for authentication/authorization but also to convey various properties.

Some headers are builtin as direct API's e.g. content type is directly exposed within the API since it's a pretty common use case. We can set the content type of a post request using:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, true);
    request.setContentType("text/xml");

We can also add any arbitrary header type we want, e.g. a very common use case is basic authorization where the authorization header includes the Base64 encoded user/password combination as such:

    String authCode = user + ":" + password;
    String authHeader = "Basic " + Base64.encode(authCode.getBytes());
    request.addRequestHeader("Authorization", authHeader);

This can be quite tedious to do if you want all requests from your app to use this header. For this use case you can just use:

    String authCode = user + ":" + password;
    String authHeader = "Basic " + Base64.encode(authCode.getBytes());
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addDefaultHeader("Authorization", authHeader);

#### Server Headers

Server returned headers are a bit trickier to read. We need to subclass the connection request and override the `readHeaders` method e.g.:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false) {
    protected void readHeaders(Object connection) throws IOException {
    String[] headerNames = getHeaderFieldNames(connection);
    for(String headerName : headerNames) {
    String headerValue = getHeader(headerName);
    //....
    }
    }
    protected void readResponse(InputStream input) {
    // just read from the response input stream
    }
    };
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);

Here we can extract the headers one by one to handle complex headers such as cookies, authentication etc.

#### Error Handling

As you noticed above practically all of the methods in the `ConectionRequest` throw `IOException`. This allows you to avoid the `try`/`catch` semantics and just let the error propagate up the chain so it can be handled uniformly by the application.

There are two distinct placed where you can handle a networking error:

The `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` - by overriding callback methods

The `com.codename1.io.NetworkManager` error handler

Notice that the `com.codename1.io.NetworkManager` error handler takes precedence thus allowing you to define a global policy for network error handling by consuming errors.

E.g. if I would like to block all network errors from showing anything to the user I could do something like this:

    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addErrorListener((e) -> e.consume());

The error listener is invoked first with the `com.codename1.io.NetworkEvent` matching the error. Consuming the event prevents it from propagating further down the chain into the `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` callbacks.

We can also override the error callbacks of the various types in the request e.g. in the case of a server error code we can do:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false) {
    protected void handleErrorResponseCode(int code, String message) {
    if(code == 444) {
    // do something
    }
    }
    protected void readResponse(InputStream input) {
    // just read from the response input stream
    }
    };
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);

Important: The error callback callback is triggered in the network thread!

As a result it can't access the UI to show a `Dialog` or anything like that.

Another approach is to use the `setFailSilently(true)` method on the `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest`. This will prevent the `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` from displaying any errors to the user. It's a very powerful strategy if you use the synchronous version of the API's e.g.:

    ConnectionRequest request = new ConnectionRequest(url, false);
    request.setFailSilently(true);
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueueAndWait(request);
    if(request.getResponseCode() != 200) {
    // probably an error...
    }

This code will only work with the synchronous "AndWait" version of the method since the response code will take a while to return for the non-wait version.

#### Error Stream

When we get an error code that isn't 200/300 we ignore the result. This is problematic as the result might contain information we need. E.g. many webservices provide further XML/JSON based details describing the reason for the error code.

Calling `setReadResponseForErrors(true)` will trigger a mode where even errors will receive the `readResponse` callback with the error stream. This also means that API's like `getData` and the listener API's will also work correctly in case of error.

#### GZIP

Gzip is a very common compression format based on the lz algorithm, it's used by web servers around the world to compress data.

Codename One supports `com.codename1.io.gzip.GZIPInputStream` and `com.codename1.io.gzip.GZIPOutputStream`, which allow you to compress data seamlessly into a stream and extract compressed data from a stream. This is very useful and can be applied to every arbitrary stream.

Codename One also features a `com.codename1.io.gzip.GZConnectionRequest`, which will automatically unzip an HTTP response if it is indeed gzipped. Notice that some devices (iOS) always request gzip'ed data and always decompress it for us, however in the case of iOS it doesn't remove the gziped header. The `GZConnectionRequest` is aware of such behaviors so its better to use that when connecting to the network (if applicable).

By default `GZConnectionRequest` doesn't request gzipped data (only unzips it when its received) but its pretty easy to do so just add the HTTP header `Accept-Encoding: gzip` e.g.:

    GZConnectionRequest con = new GZConnectionRequest();
    con.addRequestHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");

Do the rest as usual and you should have smaller responses from the servers.

#### File Upload

`com.codename1.io.MultipartRequest` tries to simplify the process of uploading a file from the local device to a remote server.

You can always submit data in the `buildRequestBody` but this is flaky and has some limitations in terms of devices/size allowed. HTTP standardized file upload capabilities thru the multipart request protocol, this is implemented by countless servers and is well documented. Codename One supports this out of the box.

Since we assume most developers reading this will be familiar with Java here is the way to implement the multipart upload in the servlet API.

    // File: MultipartClientSample.java
    MultipartRequest request = new MultipartRequest();
    request.setUrl(url);
    request.addData("myFileName", fullPathToFile, "text/plain");
    NetworkManager.getInstance().addToQueue(request);

    // File: UploadServlet.java
    @WebServlet(name = "UploadServlet", urlPatterns = {"/upload"})
    @MultipartConfig(fileSizeThreshold = 1024 * 1024 * 100, // 10 MB
    maxFileSize = 1024 * 1024 * 150, // 50 MB
    maxRequestSize = 1024 * 1024 * 200)      // 100 MB
    public class UploadServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
    throws ServletException, IOException {
    Collection parts = req.getParts();
    Part data = parts.iterator().next();
    try(InputStream is = data.getInputStream()) {}
    // store or do something with the input stream
    }
    }
    }

`com.codename1.io.MultipartRequest` is a `com.codename1.io.ConnectionRequest` most stuff you expect from there should work. Even addArgument etc.

#### Parsing

Codename One has several built in parsers for JSON, XML, CSV & Properties formats. You can use those parsers to read data from the Internet or data that is shipping with your product. E.g. use the CSV data to setup default values for your application.

All our parsers are designed with simplicity and small distribution size; they don't validate and will fail in odd ways when faced with broken data. The main logic behind this is that validation takes up CPU time on the device where CPU is a precious resource.

#### Parsing CSV

CSV is probably the easiest to use, the "Comma Separated Values" format is just a list of values separated by commas (or some other character) with new lines to indicate another row in the table. These usually map well to an Excel spreadsheet or database table and are supported by default in all spreadsheets.

To parse a CSV just use the CSVParser class as such:

    Form hi = new Form("CSV Parsing", new BorderLayout());
    CSVParser parser = new CSVParser();
    try(Reader r = new com.codename1.io.CharArrayReader("1997,Ford,E350,\"Super, \"\"luxurious\"\" truck\"".toCharArray())) {
    String[][] data = parser.parse(r);
    String[] columnNames = new String[data[0].length];
    for(int iter=  0 ; iter

    The data contains a two dimensional array of the CSV content. You can change the delimiter character
    by using the `CSVParser` constructor that accepts a character.

    **IMPORTANT:** Notice that we used `com.codename1.io.CharArrayReader` for
    this sample. Normally you would want to use `java.util.InputStreamReader` for real world data.

    JSON

    The JSON ("Java Script Object Notation") format is popular on the web for passing values to/from
    webservices since it works so well with JavaScript. Parsing JSON is just as easy but has two
    different variations. You can use the
    `com.codename1.io.JSONParser` class to build a tree of the JSON data as such:

    ```java
    JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();
    Hashtable response = parser.parse(reader);

The response is a `Map` containing a nested hierarchy of `Collection` (`java.util.List`), Strings and numbers to represent the content of the submitted JSON. To extract the data from a specific path just iterate the `Map` keys and recurs into it.

The sample below uses results from an API of ice and fire that queries structured data about the "Song Of Ice & Fire" book series. Here is a sample result returned from the API for the query http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters?page=5&pageSize=3:

    [
      {
        "url": "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/13",
        "name": "Chayle",
        "culture": "",
        "born": "",
        "died": "In 299 AC, at Winterfell",
        "titles": [
          "Septon"
        ],
        "aliases": [],
        "father": "",
        "mother": "",
        "spouse": "",
        "allegiances": [],
        "books": [
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/1",
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/2",
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/3"
        ],
        "povBooks": [],
        "tvSeries": [],
        "playedBy": []
      },
      {
        "url": "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/14",
        "name": "Gillam",
        "culture": "",
        "born": "",
        "died": "",
        "titles": [
          "Brother"
        ],
        "aliases": [],
        "father": "",
        "mother": "",
        "spouse": "",
        "allegiances": [],
        "books": [
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/5"
        ],
        "povBooks": [],
        "tvSeries": [],
        "playedBy": []
      },
      {
        "url": "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/characters/15",
        "name": "High Septon",
        "culture": "",
        "born": "",
        "died": "",
        "titles": [
          "High Septon",
          "His High Holiness",
          "Father of the Faithful",
          "Voice of the Seven on Earth"
        ],
        "aliases": [
          "The High Sparrow"
        ],
        "father": "",
        "mother": "",
        "spouse": "",
        "allegiances": [],
        "books": [
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/5",
          "http://www.anapioficeandfire.com/api/books/8"
        ],
        "povBooks": [],
        "tvSeries": [
          "Season 5"
        ],
        "playedBy": [
          "Jonathan Pryce"
        ]
      }
    ]

We will place that into a file named "anapioficeandfire.json" in the src directory to make the next sample simpler:

    Form hi = new Form("JSON Parsing", new BoxLayout(BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
    JSONParser json = new JSONParser();
    try(Reader r = new InputStreamReader(Display.getInstance().getResourceAsStream(getClass(), "/anapioficeandfire.json"), "UTF-8")) {
        Map data = json.parseJSON(r);
        java.util.List> content = (java.util.List>)data.get("root"); //
        for(Map obj : content) { //
            String url = (String)obj.get("url");
            String name = (String)obj.get("name");
            java.util.List titles =  (java.util.List)obj.get("titles"); //
            if(name == null || name.length() == 0) {
                java.util.List aliases = (java.util.List)obj.get("aliases");
                if(aliases != null && aliases.size() > 0) {
                    name = aliases.get(0);
                }
            }
            MultiButton mb = new MultiButton(name);
            if(titles != null && titles.size() > 0) {
                mb.setTextLine2(titles.get(0));
            }
            mb.addActionListener((e) -> Display.getInstance().execute(url));
            hi.add(mb);
        }
    } catch(IOException err) {
        Log.e(err);
    }
    hi.show();

- The `JSONParser` returns a `Map` which is great if the root object is a `Map` but in some cases its a list of elements (as is the case above). In this case a special case `"root"` element is created to contain the actual list of elements.

- We rely that the entries are all maps, this might not be the case for every API type.

- Notice that the "titles" and "aliases" entries are both lists of elements. We use `java.util.List` to avoid a clash with `com.codename1.ui.List`.

Tip: The structure of the returned map is sometimes unintuitive when looking at the raw JSON. The easiest thing to do is set a breakpoint on the method and use the inspect variables capability of your IDE to inspect the returned element hierarchy while writing the code to extract that data

An alternative approach is to use the static data parse() method of the `JSONParser` class and implement a callback parser e.g.: `JSONParser.parse(reader, callback);`

Notice that a static version of the method is used! The callback object is an instance of the `JSONParseCallback` interface, which includes multiple methods. These methods are invoked by the parser to indicate internal parser states, this is similar to the way traditional XML SAX event parsers work.

XML Parsing

The `com.codename1.xml.XMLParser` started its life as an HTML parser built for displaying mobile HTML. That usage has since been deprecated but the parser can still parse many HTML pages and is very "loose" in terms of verification. This is both good and bad as the parser will work with invalid data without complaining.

The simplest usage of `com.codename1.xml.XMLParser` looks a bit like this:

    XMLParser parser = new XMLParser();
    Element elem = parser.parse(reader);

The `com.codename1.xml.Element` contains children and attributes. It represents a tag within the XML document and even the root document itself. You can iterate over the XML tree to extract the data from within the XML file.

We have a great sample of working with `XMLParser` in the `com.codename1.ui.tree.Tree` class.

XPath Processing

Codename One ships with support to a subset of XPath processing, you can read more about it in the `processing package docs`.

Externalizable Objects

Codename One provides the `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` interface, which is similar to the Java SE `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` interface. This interface allows an object to declare itself as `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` for serialization (so an object can be stored in a file/storage or sent over the network). However, due to the lack of reflection and use of obfuscation these objects must be registered with the `com.codename1.io.Util` class.

Codename One doesn't support the Java SE Serialization API due to the size issues and complexities related to obfuscation.

The major objects that are supported by default in the Codename One `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` are: `String`, `Collection`, `Map`, `ArrayList`, `HashMap`, `Vector`, `Hashtable`, `Integer`, `Double`, `Float`, `Byte`, `Short`, `Long`, `Character`, `Boolean`, `Object[]`, `byte[]`, `int[]`, `float[]`, `long[]`, `double[]`.

Externalizing an object such as h below should work just fine:

    Map h = new HashMap<>();
    h.put("Hi","World");
    h.put("data", new byte[] {(byte)1});
    Storage.getInstance().writeObject("Test", h);

However, notice that some things aren't polymorphic e.g. if we will externalize a `String[]` we will get back an `Object[]` since `String` arrays aren't detected by the implementation.

Important: The externalization process caches objects so the app will seem to work and only fail on restart!

Implementing the `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` interface is only important when we want to store a proprietary object. In this case we must register the object with the `com.codename1.io.Util` class so the externalization algorithm will be able to recognize it by name by invoking:

    Util.register("MyClass", MyClass.class);

You should do this early on in the app e.g. in the `init(Object)` but you shouldn't do it in a static initializer within the object as that might never be invoked!

An `com.codename1.io.Externalizable` object must have a default public constructor and must implement the following 4 methods:

    public int getVersion();
    public void externalize(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException;
    public void internalize(int version, DataInputStream in) throws IOException;
    public String getObjectId();

The `getVersion()` method returns the current version of the object allowing the stored data to change its structure in the future (the version is then passed when internalizing the object). The object id is a `String` uniquely representing the object; it usually corresponds to the class name (in the example above the Unique Name should be `MyClass`).

Warning: It's a common mistake to use `getClass().getName()` to implement `getObjectId()` and it would seem to work in the simulator. This isn't the case though!

Since devices obfuscate the class names this becomes a problem as data is stored in a random name that changes with every release.

Developers need to write the data of the object in the externalize method using the methods in the data output stream and read the data of the object in the internalize method e.g.:

    public void externalize(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
        out.writeUTF(name);
        if(value != null) {
            out.writeBoolean(true);
            out.writeUTF(value);
        } else {
            out.writeBoolean(false);
        }
        if(domain != null) {
            out.writeBoolean(true);
            out.writeUTF(domain);
        } else {
            out.writeBoolean(false);
        }
        out.writeLong(expires);
    }

    public void internalize(int version, DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
        name = in.readUTF();
        if(in.readBoolean()) {
            value = in.readUTF();
        }
        if(in.readBoolean()) {
            domain = in.readUTF();
        }
        expires = in.readLong();
    }

Since strings might be null sometimes we also included convenience methods to implement such externalization. This effectively writes a boolean before writing the UTF to indicate whether the string is null:

    public void externalize(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
        Util.writeUTF(name, out);
        Util.writeUTF(value, out);
        Util.writeUTF(domain, out);
        out.writeLong(expires);
    }

    public void internalize(int version, DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
        name = Util.readUTF(in);
        value = Util.readUTF(in);
        domain = Util.readUTF(in);
        expires = in.readLong();
    }

Assuming we added a new date field to the object we can do the following. Notice that a `Date` is really a `long` value in Java that can be null. For completeness the full class is presented below:

    public class MyClass implements Externalizable {
        private static final int VERSION = 2;
        private String name;
        private String value;
        private String domain;
        private Date date;
        private long expires;

        public MyClass() {}

        public int getVersion() {
            return VERSION;
        }

        public String getObjectId() {
            return "MyClass";
        }

        public void externalize(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
            Util.writeUTF(name, out);
            Util.writeUTF(value, out);
            Util.writeUTF(domain, out);
            if(date != null) {
                out.writeBoolean(true);
                out.writeLong(date.getTime());
            } else {
                out.writeBoolean(false);
            }
            out.writeLong(expires);
        }

        public void internalize(int version, DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
            name = Util.readUTF(in);
            value = Util.readUTF(in);
            domain = Util.readUTF(in);
            if(version > 1) {
                boolean hasDate = in.readBoolean();
                if(hasDate) {
                    date = new Date(in.readLong());
                }
            }
            expires = in.readLong();
        }
    }

Notice that we only need to check for compatibility during the reading process as the writing process always writes the latest version of the data.

- Related Packages
  Package
  Description
  com.codename1.io.bonjour
  Bonjour / mDNS-SD service discovery and publication.
  com.codename1.io.graphql
  GraphQL client runtime.
  com.codename1.io.grpc
  gRPC-Web client runtime.
  com.codename1.io.gzip
  gzip support based on https://github.com/ymnk/jzlib
  com.codename1.io.oidc
  OpenID Connect (OIDC) client with PKCE.
  com.codename1.io.rest
  Simplified REST API
  com.codename1.io.services
  Default WebService implementations
  com.codename1.io.tar
  Tar support allowing us to package multiple separate files into a single package which is useful in supporting hierarchies in a portable way.
  com.codename1.io.usb
  USB host-mode device access.
  com.codename1.io.webauthn
  WebAuthn / passkey client.
  com.codename1.io.wifi
  WiFi inspection, scanning, connection and peer-to-peer (WiFi Direct).
- Class
  Description
  AccessToken
  This class represent an access token.
  BufferedInputStream
  Based on the buffered input stream from the JDK with some minor tweaks to allow external classes to monitor stream status and progress.
  BufferedOutputStream
  Based on the buffered output stream from the JDK with some minor tweaks to allow external classes to monitor stream status and progress.
  CacheMap
  A cache map is essentially a hashtable that indexes entries based on age and is limited to a fixed size.
  CharArrayReader
  A specialized `Reader` for reading the contents of a char array.
  ConnectionRequest
  This class represents a connection object in the form of a request response typically common for HTTP/HTTPS connections.
  ConnectionRequest.CachingMode
  There are 5 caching modes:
  ConnectionRequest.SSLCertificate
  Encapsulates an SSL certificate fingerprint.
  Cookie
  A cookie for an HTTP request
  CSVParser
  The `CSVParser` allows importing data into applications quickly from a CSV source.
  Data
  An interface that can be implemented by any object to allow it to be treated as data.
  Data.ByteData
  Wraps a byte[] array as a Data object.
  Data.FileData
  Wraps a File as a Data object.
  Data.StorageData
  Wraps a Storage object as a Data object.
  Data.StringData
  Externalizable
  `Externalizable` is similar to the Java SE `Externalizable` interface this interface.
  File
  This class provides a similar API to `java.io.File` making it almost into a "drop in" replacement.
  File.FileFilter
  Interface for filtering files.
  File.FilenameFilter
  Interface to filter filenames.
  FileSystemStorage
  Unlike networking, the file system storage mostly tries to emulate java.io.File with some simplifications for mobile devices.
  IOProgressListener
  Callback for IO updates from a buffered input/output stream
  JSONParseCallback
  The event based parser allows parsing without creating an object tree by receiving callbacks to this class.
  JSONParser
  Fast and dirty parser for JSON content on the web, it essentially returns a `java.util.Map` object containing the object fields mapped to their values.
  JSONParser.RawJson
  Wrapper that lets a caller embed a pre-built JSON fragment into a Map/List tree being serialized by `JSONParser.toJson(Object)`.
  JSONWriter
  Convenience JSON writer to complement `JSONParser`.
  JSONWriter.ArrayBuilder
  Fluent builder for `[ ..., ..., ... ]`.
  JSONWriter.ObjectBuilder
  Fluent builder for `{ "k": v, ... }`.
  Log
  Pluggable logging framework that allows a developer to log into storage using the file connector API.
  MalformedURLException
  Thrown when attempting to create a URL that doesn't conform to specification.
  MultipartRequest
  A multipart post request allows a developer to submit large binary data files to the server in a multipart mime post request.
  NetworkEvent
  Event containing more meta data for network events which may be error events or an update for progress indication code.
  NetworkManager
  Main entry point for managing the connection requests, this is essentially a threaded queue that makes sure to route all connections via the network thread while sending the callbacks through the Codename One EDT.
  NetworkTypeListener
  Receives notifications when the device's active network changes type (WiFi <-> Cellular <-> Ethernet <-> None <-> VPN).
  NetworkTypePlatform
  Platform-supplied implementation of the network-type tracking API.
  Oauth2
  Deprecated.
  Use `OidcClient` for new code.
  Oauth2.RefreshTokenRequest
  PreferenceListener
  Respond to changes to the Preferences
  Preferences
  Simple map like class to store application and Codename One preference settings in the `com.codename1.io.Storage`.
  Properties
  A `Properties` object is a `Hashtable` where the keys and values must be `String`s.
  Socket
  Class implementing the socket API
  Socket.StopListening
  This interface can be invoked to stop listening on a server socket
  SocketConnection
  Callback for establishment of a socket connection.
  Storage
  Abstracts the underlying application specific storage system, unlike the `com.codename1.io.FileSystemStorage` this class is a higher level abstraction.
  URL
  This class provides a similar API to `URL` making it almost into a "drop in" replacement.
  Util
  Various utility methods used for HTTP/IO operations
  WebServiceProxyCall
  Utility class used by the webservice proxy code to invoke server code
  WebServiceProxyCall.WSDefinition
  Webservice definition type, allows defining the argument values for a specific WS call
  WebSocket
  Client-side WebSocket.
  WebSocket.BinaryHandler
  Handler for an incoming binary frame.
  WebSocket.CloseHandler
  Handler for the close event.
  WebSocket.ConnectHandler
  Handler for the connection-established event.
  WebSocket.ErrorHandler
  Handler for transport- or protocol-level errors.
  WebSocket.TextHandler
  Handler for an incoming text frame.
  WebSocketState
  Lifecycle state of a `WebSocket`.